Check out this set of Gauges that can be used to measure thickness, depth and proudness (height from a surface) of parts. It is primarily intended for setting the bit heights of router blades on router tables.

Eleven Sizes Included are: 3mm 4mm 5mm 6mm 7mm 8mm 10mm 12mm 15mm 16mm 20mm YMMV on your own printer accuracy, but it should be close enough for most woodworkers.

I also have available an Imperial version of this.

I saw a product that Kreg makes but it was exorbitantly priced and didn't include as many sizes as I wanted, so I made my own. The Joy of having a 3-D Printer, Eh?!

The photos show only the imperial set, but they function the same

I recommend printing the gauges in one color (I did Black), and then pausing the print and changing the color to a highly contrasting color (White in my case) once it starts printing the text. If you have a Bambu Printer this is probably even easier to set up. For me it was just the last 6-8 layers/ just under 1mm but that depends on your slicer settings.

The stand holds the gauges at a slight forward rake, allowing you to easily hang the whole thing on the wall using the optional screw holes or double sided tape. The gauges will not fall out. There is also a 8mm hole in the gauges if you would prefer to hang them on a dowel or on a loop.