the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis in health and disease pdf jnqu

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==> the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis in health and disease pdf <==

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a complex set of interactions between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands, playing a crucial role in the body’s response to stress and the regulation of various physiological processes. When the body perceives a stressor, the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to produce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH then prompts the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol, a key stress hormone that helps modulate metabolism, immune response, and blood pressure. In health, this axis helps maintain homeostasis, allowing the body to respond effectively to challenges. However, dysregulation of the HPA axis can lead to various health issues. Chronic activation, often due to prolonged stress, may result in elevated cortisol levels, contributing to conditions such as anxiety, depression, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. Conversely, insufficient HPA axis activity can lead to adrenal insufficiency, characterized by fatigue, weakness, and low blood pressure. Understanding the HPA axis is essential for developing targeted therapies for stress-related disorders and conditions influenced by cortisol dysregulation. Research continues to explore its role in various diseases, emphasizing the importance of a balanced HPA axis for overall health and well-being.