management of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer pdf hthb

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==> management of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer pdf <==

Management of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) involves a systematic approach to diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. Thyroid nodules are common, with a prevalence of about 50% in the general population, yet only a small percentage are malignant. Initial evaluation typically includes a thorough clinical history, physical examination, and ultrasound (US) imaging to assess the nodule's characteristics, such as size, composition, and the presence of lymphadenopathy. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy is performed on nodules with suspicious features to obtain cytological analysis, aiding in the differentiation between benign and malignant lesions. The management of DTC is primarily guided by the American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines, which categorize patients based on risk factors. Low-risk patients may undergo active surveillance or surgical intervention, while high-risk patients generally require total thyroidectomy, often followed by radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy to eliminate residual thyroid tissue. The role of RAI is particularly significant in cases of aggressive tumor features or when lymph node metastasis is present. Postoperative follow-up includes regular monitoring of serum thyroglobulin levels and neck ultrasound to detect any recurrence early. Additionally, management may involve hormone replacement therapy, usually with levothyroxine, to suppress TSH levels and reduce the risk of recurrence. Overall, a multidisciplinary approach involving endocrinologists, surgeons, radiologists, and oncologists is essential for optimal management of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer, ensuring individualized patient care based on risk stratification and treatment response.